Pergamon (or Pergamum)

Pergamon, also spelled Pergamum, was an ancient Greek city located in what is now modern-day Turkey, near the Aegean coast. It was one of the most prominent cities in the Hellenistic period, known for its cultural, political, and intellectual achievements. The city was strategically situated on a high, steep hill, which gave it a strong defensive position and a commanding view of the surrounding region. Pergamon was particularly renowned for its impressive library, which rivaled that of Alexandria, and for its monumental architecture, including the Altar of Zeus.

Early History and Foundation of Pergamon

The origins of Pergamon are somewhat obscure, but it likely started as a small settlement during the Archaic or Classical period. It began to rise to prominence after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE when his empire was divided among his generals. Pergamon came under the control of Lysimachus, one of Alexander’s successors, who fortified the city and used it as a treasury for his vast wealth. However, the true rise of Pergamon began after the fall of Lysimachus in 281 BCE.

Archaeological Legacy:

Today, the ruins of Pergamon are a UNESCO World Heritage site, reflecting the city’s rich history and cultural achievements. The Great Altar of Pergamon, now housed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, remains one of the most famous artifacts from the ancient world, showcasing the grandeur of the city during its peak.

The Attalid Dynasty (282–133 BCE)

The Attalid dynasty was the ruling family of Pergamon during its height. The dynasty’s founder, Philetaerus, was initially a loyal officer under Lysimachus. After Lysimachus’ death, Philetaerus seized control of the city and its wealth, effectively becoming the first ruler of Pergamon. Although Philetaerus was technically a vassal of the Seleucid Empire, he governed Pergamon independently, laying the groundwork for the Attalid dynasty.

Philetaerus (282–263 BCE)

Philetaerus was the founder of the Attalid dynasty. He was originally a eunuch and trusted lieutenant of Lysimachus but took control of Pergamon after Lysimachus’ death. Philetaerus established Pergamon as an autonomous city-state, using its wealth to fortify the city and establish a strong political base.

Eumenes I (263–241 BCE)

Eumenes I, the nephew and successor of Philetaerus, was the first to adopt the title of king. He defeated the Seleucid king Antiochus I in battle, securing Pergamon’s independence. Under Eumenes I, Pergamon began to expand its territory and influence in the region.

Attalus I (241–197 BCE)

Attalus I was the most famous ruler of the Attalid dynasty and is often credited with firmly establishing Pergamon as a major power in the Hellenistic world. He took the title of king after a decisive victory over the Galatians, a Celtic people who had settled in Asia Minor. Attalus I was also a staunch ally of Rome, which helped protect Pergamon from its more powerful neighbors.

Eumenes II (197–159 BCE)

Eumenes II was the son of Attalus I and one of the most important rulers of Pergamon. He expanded the city and its territories significantly, making Pergamon the cultural and intellectual center of the Hellenistic world. Eumenes II built many of Pergamon’s most famous monuments, including the Library of Pergamon and the Altar of Zeus. He also continued his father’s policy of alliance with Rome, which helped secure Pergamon’s position in the region.

Attalus II Philadelphus (159–138 BCE)

Attalus II, the brother of Eumenes II, ruled after his brother’s death. He continued the policies of his predecessors, maintaining the alliance with Rome and furthering Pergamon’s cultural development. Attalus II was known for his diplomacy and successfully managed relations with neighboring states.

Attalus III (138–133 BCE)

Attalus III was the last king of the Attalid dynasty. Unlike his predecessors, Attalus III showed little interest in governing and was more focused on scientific pursuits. In his will, he bequeathed the entire kingdom of Pergamon to the Roman Republic, a decision that marked the end of Pergamon’s independence and its incorporation into the Roman Empire as the province of Asia.

Pergamon Under Roman Rule

After the death of Attalus III in 133 BCE, Pergamon was absorbed into the Roman Republic, and its territory became the Roman province of Asia. Although it lost its political independence, Pergamon remained an important city in the Roman Empire, known for its cultural and intellectual contributions. The city’s monumental architecture, including the Great Altar of Zeus, continued to attract visitors and scholars.

Cultural and Intellectual Achievements

Pergamon was a major center of learning and culture during the Hellenistic period. Its library was one of the largest in the ancient world, second only to the Library of Alexandria. The city was also a hub for the arts, with many famous sculptures and works of art being produced there. The Altar of Zeus, with its intricate friezes depicting the battle between the gods and giants, is one of the most famous examples of Hellenistic art.